The running-wheel behavior of white-tailed antelope squirrels was studied in the laboratory by quantitative analysis of wheel revolutions and by visual inspection of video recordings with the assistance of Google Nest's detection algorithm. There was great interindividual diversity of running styles, although no systematic difference was found between male and female squirrels. Some animals ran on the outside of the wheel instead of inside, some ran consistently inside the wheel but alternating directions every few seconds, some ran on a virtual wheel while avoiding the actual wheel and doing back flips in the air instead, and some ran around the cage and occasionally hit the wheel thus generating a stable record of wheel revolutions. On average, the squirrels woke up an hour after lights-on, started activity on the running wheel about 40 minutes later, ran for 10 hours covering a distance of 2 km, and fell asleep about an hour after lights-off. This pattern of running-wheel behavior partially resembles that of laboratory mice, but its extreme diversity is unique to this species.During the youth, rats spend a long time in play fighting (PF), and asymmetries are observed in terms of the frequency of adoption of the supine posture. This study investigated the effects of asymmetry in adopting supine posture during PF on the time spent in locomotor activity-related contextual behaviors during youth and adulthood. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups according to the number of times of their adoption of a defensive supine (S) posture low (LS, n = 10), intermediary (IS, n = 10) and high (HS, n = 10). Rats aged 21-62 days were placed in voluntary physical active cages (VPAC) with running wheels. The time spent in social play (SP), play fighting (PF), voluntary physical activity (VPA), spontaneous physical activity (SPA) and resting (Rest) were recorded daily. During adulthood (63-92 days of age), rats were placed individually in the VPAC, with daily quantification of VPA. The average time spent in PF was not different among the groups, but was age-dependent. LS and IS rats spent more time in VPA than the HS rats, between days 49-62 (intragroup analyses) and 72-78 (individual analyses) days of age. However, LS and IS animals spent less time in SPA than HS rats from 42-48 days of age. In conclusion, the expressions of VPA and SPA are influenced by the asymmetries in adoption of the supine posture of members within a social group, remaining even after the separation of the social groups.Altered activity of corticolimbic brain regions is a hallmark of stress-related illnesses, including mood disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and substance abuse disorders. Acute stress adaptively recruits brain region-specific functions for coping, while sustained activation under chronic stress may overwhelm feedback mechanisms and lead to pathological cellular and behavioral responses. The neural mechanisms underlying dysregulated stress responses and how they contribute to behavioral deficits are poorly characterized. Here, we tested whether prior exposure to chronic restraint stress (CRS) or unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) in mice could alter functional response to acute stress and whether these changes are associated with chronic stress-induced behavioral deficits. More specifically, we assessed acute stress-induced functional activation indexed by c-Fos+ cell counts in 24 stress- and mood-related brain regions, and determined if changes in functional activation were linked to chronic stress-induced behavioral impairments, summarized across dimensions through principal component analysis (PCA). Results indicated that CRS and UCMS led to convergent physiological and anxiety-like deficits, whereas working and short-term memory were impaired only in UCMS mice. CRS and UCMS exposure exacerbated functional activation by acute stress in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) area 24b and ventral hippocampal (vHPC) CA1, CA3, and subiculum. In dysregulated brain regions, levels of functional activation were positively correlated with principal components reflecting variance across behavioral deficits relevant to stress-related disorders. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sd-208.html Our data supports an association between a dysregulated stress response, altered functional corticolimbic excitation/inhibition balance, and the expression of maladaptive behaviors.Inherited and sporadic mutations in genes encoding for brain ion channels, affecting membrane expression or biophysical properties, have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by epilepsy, cognitive and behavioral deficits with significant phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. Over the years, the screening of a growing number of patients and the functional characterization of newly identified mutations in ion channels genes allowed to recognize new phenotypes and to widen the clinical spectrum of known diseases. Furthermore, advancements in understanding disease pathogenesis at atomic level or using patient-derived iPSCs and animal models have been pivotal to orient therapeutic intervention and to put the basis for the development of novel pharmacological options for drug-resistant disorders. In this review we will discuss major improvements and critical issues concerning neurodevelopmental disorders caused by dysfunctions in brain sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride and ligand-gated ion channels.The left inferior frontal gyrus and the bilateral ventral striatum are thought to be involved in motivation-mediated decision-making. Antipsychotics may influence this relationship, and atypical antipsychotics improve secondary negative symptoms in schizophrenia, such as loss of motivation, although the acute effects of pharmacological medication on motivation are not fully understood. In this single-blinded, randomized controlled trial, 49 healthy volunteers were randomized into three groups to receive a single dose of haloperidol, aripiprazole or placebo. Between 4.0 and 5.6 h later, participant's brain blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) activity was recorded using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while completing a perceptual decision-making fMRI task consisting of one neutral and one motivated condition. Response bias, reflecting the participant's willingness to say that the target stimulus is present, was calculated using signal detection theory. Concurrent with widespread changes in BOLD signal in the motivated vs.